{"id":10410,"date":"2022-12-11T21:22:01","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T02:22:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aaronnewcomer.com\/?p=10410"},"modified":"2024-07-06T16:28:43","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T21:28:43","slug":"the-gun-wad-bible-the-third-edition-of-christopher-saurs-hausbieble-and-its-role-in-the-revolutionary-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aaronnewcomer.com\/fr\/the-gun-wad-bible-the-third-edition-of-christopher-saurs-hausbieble-and-its-role-in-the-revolutionary-war\/","title":{"rendered":"La Bible des Bourres de Fusil : La Troisi\u00e8me \u00c9dition de la Hausbieble de Christopher Saur et son R\u00f4le dans la Guerre d'Ind\u00e9pendance Am\u00e9ricaine"},"content":{"rendered":"

La Hausbieble, \u00e9galement connue sous le nom de \u00abBible familiale\u00bb, \u00e9tait une collection de trois bibles en allemand imprim\u00e9es en Am\u00e9rique par la famille Saur dans les ann\u00e9es 1740-1770. En tant que premi\u00e8re bible en langue europ\u00e9enne imprim\u00e9e en Am\u00e9rique, la Hausbieble a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le important pour aider les immigrants allemands \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leur patrimoine culturel dans le Nouveau Monde. De plus, elle a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le dans la guerre d'ind\u00e9pendance am\u00e9ricaine, les soldats britanniques utilisant ses pages pour fabriquer des cartouches en papier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Christopher<\/a>
Atelier d'impression de Christopher Saur occup\u00e9 par les soldats britanniques <\/em>\u0152uvre d'art assist\u00e9e par IA d'Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Christopher Saur a immigr\u00e9 en Am\u00e9rique en 1724 et s'est finalement \u00e9tabli en tant qu'imprimeur \u00e0 Germantown, en Pennsylvanie. Il a commenc\u00e9 par imprimer et distribuer le premier journal en caract\u00e8res allemands pour les autres immigrants allemands, et a rapidement \u00e9tendu ses activit\u00e9s pour inclure des livres, des brochures, des recueils de cantiques, et plus encore. Saur importait et distribuait des bibles imprim\u00e9es \u00e0 Halle et Berleburg, en Allemagne, mais a rencontr\u00e9 des probl\u00e8mes d'authenticit\u00e9 de certaines \u00e9ditions et des co\u00fbts \u00e9lev\u00e9s pour d'autres. De plus, ces bibles \u00e9taient petites avec une impression fine. En r\u00e9ponse, Saur a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d'imprimer sa propre \u00e9dition de la Bible en allemand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Bible<\/a>
Bible de Saur de 1743 de la biblioth\u00e8que de s\u00e9minaire de th\u00e9ologie de Dallas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

En 1740, Saur publie un placard annon\u00e7ant son intention d'imprimer l'int\u00e9gralit\u00e9 de la Bible en gros caract\u00e8res, \u00e0 un prix inf\u00e9rieur et exempt de contenu douteux. Il commence \u00e0 imprimer la premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition de la Bible Saur en 1743, qui est achev\u00e9e en 1747. La Bible Saur est bien accueillie par la communaut\u00e9 allemande et est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l'un des triomphes de l'imprimerie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Christopher Saur a principalement utilis\u00e9 la traduction de Luther de la Bible catholique, mais a remplac\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re controvers\u00e9e certaines parties de l'apocryphe et d'Esdras par la traduction de Berleburg, qui fournissait plus de d\u00e9tails sur les ch\u00e2timents, le paradis et l'enfer \u2013 des sujets non inclus dans la Bible catholique. Saur a utilis\u00e9 du papier fabriqu\u00e9 localement, de l'encre fabriqu\u00e9e localement et des caract\u00e8res fabriqu\u00e9s et donn\u00e9s par la fonderie H.E. Luther de Francfort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"Une<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1743 de la Bible Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Une<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1743 de la Bible Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Christopher Saur d\u00e9c\u00e8de le 25 septembre 1758 et son fils, Christopher Saur II, reprend l'entreprise. Peu apr\u00e8s la mort de son p\u00e8re, les 1200 exemplaires de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition de la Hausbieble sont \u00e9puis\u00e9s, et Saur II commence \u00e0 imprimer une deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de 2000 exemplaires en 1763. Cette deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9dition utilise un papier et une reliure de meilleure qualit\u00e9, mais le contenu reste en grande partie le m\u00eame que dans la premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"A<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1776 de la Bible \"Gun Wad\" de Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"A<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1776 de la Bible \"Gun Wad\" de Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

En 1776, Christopher Saur II commence \u00e0 imprimer une troisi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de leur Bible allemande. Le contenu reste en grande partie inchang\u00e9 par rapport aux \u00e9ditions pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, mais cette \u00e9dition utilise de nouveaux caract\u00e8res et polices produits localement \u00e0 la fonderie de la famille Saur. Cela la rend significative en tant que premi\u00e8re Bible enti\u00e8rement imprim\u00e9e avec des mat\u00e9riaux fabriqu\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n
\"A<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1776 de la Bible \"Gun Wad\" de Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"A<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1776 de la Bible \"Gun Wad\" de Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

La troisi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de cette Bible a \u00e9galement jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le dans la guerre d'ind\u00e9pendance. \u00c0 l'\u00e9t\u00e9 1777, les soldats britanniques occupent Germantown et pillent l'atelier de Saur. Ils trouvent de nombreux exemplaires non reli\u00e9s de la Hausbieble s\u00e9chant dans le grenier et les utilisent comme literie pour leurs chevaux, allume-feu pour leurs feux de camp et pour fabriquer des cartouches en papier et des bourres pour leurs mousquets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Christopher<\/a>
Atelier d'impression de Christopher Saur occup\u00e9 par les soldats britanniques <\/em>\u0152uvre d'art assist\u00e9e par IA d'Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pendant la guerre, les soldats utilisaient souvent n'importe quel papier disponible pour fabriquer leurs cartouches. Cela comprenait les pages de livres, les journaux et autres documents imprim\u00e9s. La troisi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de la Hausbieble, avec son papier solide, \u00e9tait bien adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 cet usage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les cartouches en papier \u00e9taient une m\u00e9thode courante de chargement des armes \u00e0 feu pendant la guerre d'ind\u00e9pendance. Elles \u00e9taient fabriqu\u00e9es en pliant une feuille de papier autour de la balle et de la poudre \u00e0 canon, formant un tube qui pouvait \u00eatre facilement ins\u00e9r\u00e9 dans le canon du fusil. Cette m\u00e9thode \u00e9tait plus rapide et plus efficace que la m\u00e9thode traditionnelle consistant \u00e0 verser la poudre \u00e0 canon dans le canon et \u00e0 la tasser avec un refouloir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cartouche<\/a>
Cartouche de mousquet \u00e0 silex danois de 17,11 mm de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cette cartouche noire est l'une des premi\u00e8res cartouches en papier connues. Il s'agit d'une cartouche de calibre 17,11 mm (.669) fabriqu\u00e9e pour les premiers mousquets \u00e0 silex danois\/norv\u00e9giens de la fin des ann\u00e9es 1600 au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1700. Elle peut \u00eatre retrac\u00e9e jusqu'au Mus\u00e9e de la guerre danois, o\u00f9 des doublons de leur collection ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9chang\u00e9s avec le colonel Berkeley R. Lewis du Corps des Ordonnances des \u00c9tats-Unis, qui a aid\u00e9 \u00e0 identifier et \u00e0 organiser les cartouches de leur collection. Cette cartouche est extra-longue en raison de la poudre moins puissante de l'\u00e9poque et de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d'une poudre suppl\u00e9mentaire pour amorcer le bassinet du mousquet \u00e0 silex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Construction<\/a>
Construction et emballage d'une cartouche de fusil Mississippi de calibre .54 \u00e0 partir des notes de Pitman; collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La page ci-dessus d\u00e9crit la construction et l'emballage d'une cartouche de fusil Mississippi de calibre .54. Les informations proviennent de la collection de cartouches du g\u00e9n\u00e9ral John Pitman et ont \u00e9t\u00e9 reproduites dans le livre The Pitman Notes on US Small Arms and Ammunition<\/em>Le grand morceau de papier est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 d'une cartouche et illustre comment ces cartouches \u00e9taient enroul\u00e9es. Le livre de Herschel C. Logan, Cartridges: A Pictorial Digest of Small Arms Ammunition<\/em> comprend \u00e9galement un dessin clair de cela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Cartridges<\/a>
Cartridges : a pictorial digest of small arms ammunition<\/em> par by Herschel C. Logan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"Cartouche<\/a>
Cartouche en papier de calibre .69 pour le mousquet fran\u00e7ais Charleville de la collection d'Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Cartouche<\/a>
Cartouche en papier anglais de calibre .64 de la collection d'Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"Cartouche<\/a>
Cartouche de mousquet de calibre .69 envelopp\u00e9e dans un journal am\u00e9ricain de 1801<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Les cartouches pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ci-dessus donnent un aper\u00e7u des techniques utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque. La cartouche envelopp\u00e9e dans un journal montre comment le papier existant \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9 pour fabriquer des cartouches. La guerre a eu un impact significatif sur la famille Saur et leur entreprise d'imprimerie. Christopher Saur II \u00e9tait pacifiste et refusait de pr\u00eater serment d'all\u00e9geance au nouvel \u00c9tat de Pennsylvanie. En cons\u00e9quence, il a \u00e9t\u00e9 jug\u00e9 injustement et sa propri\u00e9t\u00e9, y compris l'atelier d'imprimerie, a \u00e9t\u00e9 saisie et vendue aux ench\u00e8res. La guerre a \u00e9galement consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit le nombre d'exemplaires de la troisi\u00e8me \u00e9dition de la Hausbieble qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 distribu\u00e9s, ce qui en fait l'\u00e9dition la plus rare et la plus pr\u00e9cieuse des trois. On pense que seules quelques centaines d'exemplaires de la troisi\u00e8me \u00e9dition ont \u00e9t\u00e9 reli\u00e9s et diffus\u00e9s, la majorit\u00e9 des feuilles non reli\u00e9es \u00e9tant d\u00e9truites par les soldats britanniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La raret\u00e9 de la Hausbieble, combin\u00e9e \u00e0 son importance historique en tant que l'une des premi\u00e8res Bibles en langue europ\u00e9enne imprim\u00e9es en Am\u00e9rique et \u00e0 son r\u00f4le dans la guerre d'ind\u00e9pendance en tant que cartouches en papier, en fait un objet pr\u00e9cieux et recherch\u00e9 par les collectionneurs de livres rares et d'artefacts historiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour conclure, une citation du livre de 1810 d'Isaiah Thomas, The History of Printing in America<\/em> illustre l'id\u00e9e que ces pages de la Bible \u00e9taient \u00abutilis\u00e9es non pas pour le salut des \u00e2mes des hommes, mais pour la destruction de leurs corps.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1776 de la Bible \"Gun Wad\" de Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A<\/a>
Une feuille de l'\u00e9dition 1776 de la Bible \"Gun Wad\" de Saur de la collection Aaron Newcomer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bibliographie :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Flory, John Samuel. Literary Activity of the German Baptist Brethren in the Eighteenth Century<\/em>. 1908.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Logan, Herschel C. Cartridges: A Pictorial Digest of Small Arms Ammunition<\/em>. 1959.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Rumball-Petre, Edwin A. R. America’s First Bibles: With a Census of 555 Extant Bibles<\/em>. 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Thomas, Dean S. Round Ball to Rimfire Part One<\/em>. 1997.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Hoyem, George A. The History and Development of Small Arms Ammunition Volume Four<\/em>. 1999.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Brown, Roger. Development of the Paper-Wrapped Musket Cartridge in Colonial American 1640-1841.<\/em> 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Thomas, Isaiah. The history of printing in America<\/em>. 1810<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The Hausbieble, also known as the “House Bible,” was a collection of three German-language Bibles printed in America by 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