Nathan Russell Davis, connu sous le nom de N.R. Davis, était un pionnier de l'industrie des armes à feu américaines. Né en 1828, il a créé N.R. Davis & Sons, une entreprise qui laissera une empreinte durable sur le paysage de la fabrication d'armes à feu. De ses humbles débuts dans un petit atelier à Assonet, Massachusetts, à son évolution en un fabricant d'armes à feu respecté, l'histoire de l'entreprise est un témoignage de la vision et de la résilience de Davis. Cet article explore les premières années des entreprises de N.R. Davis, mettant en évidence leurs contributions innovantes telles qu'un fusil à broche unique, et l'héritage durable de l'entreprise.

Le 19e siècle a été une période de grands changements, alors que le monde passait de sociétés agraires à des nations industrialisées. Malgré ces changements, une chose est restée constante : le lien profond et durable entre les humains, leurs armes à feu et leurs chiens. Ce lien est évident dans une série de photographies fascinantes du 19e siècle, qui montrent des personnes de tous horizons posant avec leurs fusils à broche et leurs fidèles compagnons canins. Des chasseurs aux agriculteurs, des enfants aux couples, ces portraits offrent un aperçu d'un monde où la relation entre une personne, son arme et son chien était considérée comme une partie essentielle de la vie quotidienne. Dans cet article, nous examinerons de plus près ces images intrigantes et les histoires qu'elles racontent sur les relations entre les humains, leurs armes à feu et leurs amis à fourrure.

Prêts pour la Chasse

Les deux premiers portraits représentent des hommes se préparant pour une excursion de chasse. Vêtus de tenues de chasse traditionnelles et armés de fusils à broche Lefaucheux, ils se tiennent prêts avec leurs fidèles compagnons canins à leurs côtés. Ces chiens de chasse, impatients d'agir, semblent anticiper le frisson de la poursuite qui les attend sur le terrain.

Le système à broche a marqué un tournant dans la technologie des armes à feu, améliorant la sécurité et la fiabilité. Mais qu'est-ce que le système à broche, et pourquoi a-t-il été inventé ? Explorons ses origines et son importance historique.

Qu'est-ce que le système à broche ?

Le système à broche, inventé par l'armurier français Casimir Lefaucheux au début du XIXe siècle, a introduit un nouveau type de cartouche et de mécanisme de tir pour les armes à feu. De manière caractéristique, ce système utilisait une petite broche saillante sur le côté de la cartouche. Lorsque le marteau de l'arme frappait la broche, cela enflammait la poudre à canon, tirant la balle. Cette approche innovante constituait une nette amélioration par rapport aux armes à feu précédentes, qui reposaient sur de la poudre à canon en vrac et des dispositifs d'allumage séparés tels que les silex ou les capsules à percussion.

Lefaucheux, un inventeur très respecté dans le domaine de la technologie des armes à feu, a apporté plusieurs contributions clés à ce domaine, le système à broche étant l'une de ses plus remarquables. Après avoir breveté le système en France en 1835, il a rapidement gagné en popularité et a été adopté par les fabricants d'armes à feu du monde entier.

Kingdom of Sardinia

The story of Italian pinfire guns and cartridges begins in the Kingdom of Sardinia with an order of 5000 Lefaucheux model 1854 revolvers. This first order was placed in 1859 and delivered in 1861 and these guns were referred to as the Corto model. They were pretty similar to the typical Lefaucheux model 1854 revolver except they had a 21% shorter barrel around 123mm long. At the time that these revolvers were ordered and delivered it is thought that the arsenals had not yet started producing their own pinfire cartridges yet so cartridges were likely imported from France or elsewhere as well.

The Kingdom of Italy

Shortly after these revolvers were ordered, the Kingdom of Italy was formed and a new order was made for another 12,000 revolvers.

I recently picked up this pair of pinfire pistols designed by Casimir Lefaucheux. I had never seen examples quite like them before and was really excited to get them in. Casimir Lefaucheux was making pistols from the time he took over the Pauly company in 1827 as shown in our recent post on the topic. But these early pistols were much larger and bulkier. In 1833, Lefaucheux was issued a new patent for his fusil à charnière, or hinged gun.

He advertised and promoted the fact that these pistols and rifles were easier to use and safer and better in every way than his earlier Pauly guns, and especially better than other percussion guns of the day. They could shoot 500 rounds without cleaning or even wiping down which was unheard of for typical percussion guns that loaded from the muzzle. Lefaucheux also emphasized that they were easier to take apart and maintain by the average person.

Winchesters and Colts are the major focus at gun collecting organizations in Texas and the American West. If you can associate a gun with a Texas Ranger or a cowboy then it will likely fit right in! European guns and pinfire in particular have often been overlooked by collecting circles in the United States. John Wayne never used one so its appeal never really grew much here.

So I figured if I were going to introduce a pinfire display at one of these shows I had better make it about something unique enough that would really stand out!

I recently took a trip to Germany and France with my wife and I took the opportunity to trace down some Lefaucheux and pinfire related things!

The trip started with a visit to the European Cartridge Research Association international show in Aerzen, Germany where I was able to meet some friends who I had previously only conversed with online and others who I had not seen for a couple years due to COVID. We stayed at a fancy castle and really enjoyed the pristine landscape and atmosphere of the area.

I was able to pick up some great cartridges for my collection including a 13x52R Pinfire carbine cartridge made by the Ottoman Empire. It dates to around the 1880s and was probably made in the Tophane Factory in Constantinople. The headstamp is a tughra (a calligraphic signature of the Ottoman Sultans). This particular one should be of “His Imperial Majesty, The Sultan Abdülhamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans, Caliph of the Faithful” who reigned over the Ottoman Empire from 31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909. It is possible it was made during the time of the prior Sultan as well.

I also picked up a 28g cartridge made for a Czech military pistol made by Anton Vincenz Lebeda that was issued to cavalry officers as well as a 4g Eley pinfire shotshell.

But the highlight would have to be a Pichereau-patented percussion nipple used on his Pauly system rifles. These were also used on the first rifles Lefaucheux made after buying the company from Pichereau.

L'histoire du premier pistolet de Casimir Lefaucheux commence en 1812 lorsque Jean Samuel Pauly brevette un système de pistolet et de fusil à chargement par la culasse. Casimir Lefaucheux travaille alors comme apprenti pour Pauly et apprend l'art de la fabrication d'armes à feu. Il y a des opinions divergentes sur ce qu'était exactement cette première arme à feu, certains chercheurs modernes pensant que beaucoup de la documentation historique est incorrecte ou, du moins, mélange les inventions de Pauly et celles de son successeur, Henri Roux.

Ce qui est sûr, c'est qu'à cette époque, Pauly crée et brevette un système d'allumage d'une charge par l'utilisation d'air comprimé rapidement avec un piston à feu. Il est décrit dans un rapport d'une commission militaire française le 16 juillet 1812. Cette conception est également brevetée en Angleterre en 1814 et 1816, où Pauly déménage après avoir vendu sa boutique parisienne.

La question est de savoir si c'était aussi la conception de son brevet français du 22 septembre 1812. La demande de brevet n'entre pas dans les détails sur le fonctionnement du mécanisme, et les dessins accompagnant montrent des images d'un fusil et d'un pistolet utilisant un piston à percussion pour frapper un composé de percussion précoce. Les premières critiques du système et le registre officiel du brevet parlent tous de ce mécanisme à percussion.

Certains chercheurs pensent qu'il est peu probable que Pauly ait créé la version à air comprimé pour la revue militaire de 1812, puis qu'il soit passé à la version à percussion dans son modèle civil plus tard en 1812, puis qu'il soit revenu à la version à air comprimé qu'il a brevetée à Londres.

On 12 September 1859, a Norwegian military commission recommend contracting with Eugène Lefaucheux to acquire some of his model 1854 pinfire revolvers to begin updating their service handguns. In October 1859 they ordered 800 revolvers and 120,000 pinfire cartridges for the Norwegian Navy with a delivery date of summer 1860.

There are various sources that claim differing serial number ranges of this first order, but The Lefaucheux Family Archives has matched up original purchase orders and invoices to determine that they are around the LF14597 – LF15936 range. Some of this is detailed in the excellent book on the subject, La Production des Modeles d’Eugène Lefaucheux by Guillaume Van Mastrigt.

Norwegian Model 59

This first order of revolvers followed the below design as shown in this example from the Norwegian Armed Forces Museum where they have it labeled as an example of the Norwegian Navy Model 1859. It is thought that there are no special markings that specifically indicate which guns Lefaucheux made specifically went to fulfill this first order.

This article will take a look at some of the smallest pinfire guns and cartridges. The 2mm pinfire cartridge showed up around 1880. This is when Société Française des Munitions began producing the variations shown in the following factory drawing.

These cartridges were made for tiny pinfire revolvers that looked like miniature versions of the normal pinfire revolvers. The following image is an example of one sold by Wayne Driskill Miniature Firearms.

Here are a couple variations of the 7mm pinfire revolver made by the Mariette family of gun-makers who lived in Cheratte, Liège, Belgium. This particular design was patented in 1862 by Servais Joseph Celestin Mariette, the son of the well known gun maker, Guillaume Mariette.

Across the Mariette family there were dozens of firearm patents registered and the designs often crossed over into patents by others in the family. There is also a lot of crossover when making the actual guns as well; for example, guns patented by Guillaume Mariette could be made and have a mark of his brother, Gilles Mariette.

This is a really early underhammer pinfire pistol made in 1849 by the French gunsmith, Joseph-Célestin Dumonthier who lived in Houdan, Seine-et-Oise, France. It follows his 2 July 1849 French patent.

The whole barrel unscrews from the frame and allows you to load a single 12mm pinfire cartridge.

The Lefaucheux model 1859 carbine was a small carbine Eugène Lefaucheux made with hopes to gain military acceptance. It is a very simple design with few moving parts. It only weighs 4.5 pounds and has an overall length of 3 feet 4 inches.

There are multiple variations of this gun; some with a full metal frame, some with an automatic cartridge extractor, a percussion cap version, a double barrel version, pistols, and various bores.

This example is chambered for 12mm pinfire cartridges, has a manual extractor and a solid wood stock.

There are two levers on the gun. The one on the right is the cocking lever and also serves as the breechblock. When you raise it it opens the breech, allowing you to insert a new pinfire cartridge or remove a spent cartridge. It also cocks the extra-long hammer. The following video and image shows how this works.

There have been many articles written about Jean Samuel Pauly and his contribution to the history of firearms development. One excellent source recently looks in detail at the patents by Pauly, Roux, Picherau and Lefaucheux. You can read about it here:

Priestel dives deep into the modifications by Pauly and the successors to Pauly’s company, but there are a few other improvements to the Pauly system by other prominent gunmakers of the day that are not addressed in this publication. A couple of these were mentioned in a French gun magazine’s article in the 1970s, but other than the brief mention there, there is nothing I could find published that goes into detail on the following improvements to the Pauly gun and cartridges.

So I gathered the patents, transcribed them and will detail the improvements here!

Jacques-Joseph Plomdeur | 1825-03-31

Jacques-Joseph Plomdeur was a well known gunmaker who had a business at 25 rue des Fossés-Montmartre and later at 5 bis, rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière. He was best known for his improvements to primers and percussion caps which he held a few patents on. In the 1830s he took out many advertisements for his improvements to guns and primers such as the following:

On 31 Mar 1825, Plomdeur took out a French patent for 5 years for an improvement on Pauly guns.

There are two main areas that he addresses. First is how the hammer is connected to the plate, passing all the way through, which allowed for considerable fouling throughout the inside.

James Erskine, a gunmaker and inventor from Newton Stewart, Scotland had a prolific career inventing and patenting many improvements to guns and cartridge loading machines. His patented cartridge filler was universally accepted and used by all of the great British gunmakers of the day!

Erskine was born on September 12, 1812, in Penninghame, Wigtownshire, Scotland, the son of Mary Watson and Thomas Erskine. He married Elizabeth Sinclair on December 4, 1854, in his hometown. They had eight children over 21 years. He died on November 20, 1891, in Newton Stewart, Wigtownshire, Scotland, having lived a long life of 79 years.

During most of those 79 years Erskine was active learning and then working in the gun trade. The IGC Historical Database indicates that Erskine began his apprenticeship at 14 years old, working as a gun finisher for Williams & Powell, or their predecessor, Edward Patrick in Liverpool.

Sometime after 1841 and before the 1851 Scotland Census, Erskine moved to Newton Stewart and began working for himself as a gun maker.

He displayed two guns at the 1851 Great Exhibition and was awarded a bronze metal.

On July 20, 1859 he delivered the following provisional specification to the British patent office for an update to the Lefaucheux-style pinfire shotgun: