Nineteenth‑century hunters wrestled with two maddening behaviors from smoothbore shotguns: at one extreme, tightly packed pellets that flew out “like a ball” (the coup de balle), and at the other, errant flyers that blew patterns wide open. Period writers traced both to how the wad pressed or failed to press the shot during ignition: over‑compression could keep the column clumped for several yards after the muzzle, while under‑compression let pellets collide, deform, and veer off‑axis.
Pierre‑François Davoust, an armurier from Alençon, set out to cure both problems at once.

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